Irregular Verb

Irregular verbs are verbs in English that do not follow the regular pattern when conjugated in different tenses. Unlike regular verbs, which form their past simple and past participle forms by adding "-ed" to the base form, irregular verbs have unique and often unpredictable forms for these past tense variations.

Here are a few examples of irregular verbs:

Go:

Present: I go to the store.

Past: I went to the store.

Past Participle: I have gone to the store.

Eat:

Present: I eat lunch at noon.

Past: I ate lunch at noon.

Past Participle: I have eaten lunch at noon.

Take:

Present: I take the bus to work.

Past: I took the bus to work.

Past Participle: I have taken the bus to work.

See:

Present: I see my friend every day.

Past: I saw my friend yesterday.

Past Participle: I have seen my friend recently.

These irregular forms need to be memorized since they don't follow a consistent pattern. While many common verbs in English are regular, some of the most frequently used verbs are irregular, so it's important to be familiar with their various forms. Regular and irregular verbs together make up the rich and diverse verb system in English.

Irregular Verb  PDF klik disini

INFINITIVE (V1)	PAST TENSE (V2)	PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)	MEANING
Arise	Arouse	Arisen	Bangkit
Awake	Awoke	Awaken	Bangun
Bear	Bore	Born	Melahirkan
Beat	Beat	Beaten	Mengalahkan
Begin	Began	Begun	Memulai
Bend	Bent	Bent	Menekuk
Bet	Bet	Bet	Bertaruh
Bleed	Bled	Bled	Berdarah
Blow	Blew	Blown	Meledakkan
Break	Broke	Broken	Merusak
Bring	Brought	Brought	Membawa
Build	Built	Built	Membangun
Burn	Burnt	Burnt	Membakar
Burst	Burst	Burst	Meledakkan
Buy	Bought	Bought	Membeli
Cast	Cast	Cast	Merapalkan
Catch	Caught	Caught	Menangkap
Choose	Chose	Chosen	Memilih
Come	Came	Come	Datang
Cost	Cost	Cost	Memberi harga, seharga
Deal	Dealt	Dealt	Menyepakati
Dig	Dug	Dug	Menggali
Do	Did	Done	Melakukan
Draw	Drew	Drawn	Menggambar/menarik
Drink	Drank	Drunk	Meminum
Drive	Drove	Driven	Menyetir
Eat	Ate	Eaten	Makan

Contoh Irregular Verb Berawalan F – J

INFINITIVE (V1)	PAST TENSE (V2)	PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)	MEANING
Fall	Fell	Fallen	Jatuh
Feed	Fed	Fed	Memberi makan
Feel	Felt	Felt	Merasa
Fight	Fought	Fought	Berjuang
Find	Found	Found	Menemukan
Fit	Fit	Fit	Mencocokkan
Fling	Flung	Flung	Melemparkan
Fly	Flew	Flown	Terbang
Forbid	Forbade	Forbidden	Melarang
Foresee	Foresaw	Foreseen	Meramal, menerawang
Forget	Forgot	Forgotten	Melupakan
Forgive	Forgave	Forgiven	Memaafkan
Forsake	Forsook	Forsaken	Mengabaikan
Freeze	Froze	Frozen	Membekukan
Get	Got	Gotten	Mendapat
Give	Gave	Given	Memberi
Go	Went	Gone	Pergi
Grow	Grew	Grown	Menumbuhkan
Hang	Hung	Hung	Menggantung
Hear	Heard	Heard	Mendengar
Hide	Hid	Hidden	Menyembunyikan
Hold	Held	Held	Memegang
Hurt	Hurt	Hurt	Menyakiti
Hit	Hit	Hit	Menabrak
Have	Had	Had	Mempunyai

Contoh Irregular Verb Berawalan K – O

INFINITIVE (V1)	PAST TENSE (V2)	PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)	MEANING
Keep	Kept	Kept	Menjaga
Kneel	Knelt	Knelt	Berlutut
Knit	Knit	Knit	Merajut
Know	Knew	Known	Mengetahui
Lay	Laid	Laid	Berbaring
Lead	Led	Led	Memimpin
Lean	Leant	Leant	Bersandar
Leap	Leapt	Leapt	Melompat
Learn	Learnt	Learnt	Mempelajari
Leave	Left	Left	Meninggalkan
Lend	Lent	Lent	Meminjam
Let	Let	Let	Membiarkan
Light	Lit	Lit	Menyinari
Mean	Meant	Meant	Bermaksud
Meet	Met	Met	Bertemu
Melt	Melted	Molten	Meleleh
Mislead	Misled	Misled	Salah memimpin
Mistake	Mistook	Mistaken	Menyalahi
Mow	Mowed	Mown	Membabat
Overdraw	Overdrew	Overdrawn	Menarik (terlalu banyak)
Overhear	Overheard	Overheard	Menguping
Overtake	Overtook	Overtaken	Menyusul

Contoh Irregular Verb Berawalan P – T

INFINITIVE (V1)	PAST TENSE (V2)	PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)	MEANING
Pay	Paid	Paid	Membayar
Preset	Preset	Preset	Mengatur
Prove	Proved	Proven	Membuktikan
Put	Put	Put	Menaruh
Quit	Quit	Quit	Ke luar
Read	Read	Read	Membaca
Rid	Rid	Rid	Menghindari
Ride	Rode	Ridden	Mengemudi
Ring	Rang	Rung	Berdering
Rise	Rose	Risen	Bangkit
Run	Ran	Run	Berlari
Say	Said	Said	Berkata
See	Saw	Seen	Melihat
Sell	Sold	Sold	Menjual
Send	Sent	Sent	Mengirim
Set	Set	Set	Mengatur
Shake	Shook	Shaken	Mengocok
Shed	Shed	Shed	Mengusap
Shine	Shone	Shone	Menyinari
Shrink	Shrank	Shrunk	Mengkisut
Shut	Shut	Shut	Mematikan
Sing	Sang	Sung	Menyanyi
Sit	Sat	Sat	Duduk
Sleep	Slept	Slept	Tidur
Take	Took	Taken	Mengambil
Teach	Taught	Taught	Mengajari
Tear	Tore	Torn	Merobek
Tell	Told	Told	Bercerita kepada
Throw	Threw	Thrown	Melempar
Thrust	Thrust	Thrust	Menusuk

Contoh Irregular Verb Berawalan U – Z

INFINITIVE (V1)	PAST TENSE (V2)	PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)	MEANING
Understand	Understood	Understood	Mengerti
Undertake	Undertook	Undertaken	Melakukan
Upset	Upset	Upset	Tersinggung
Wake	Woke	Woken	Bangun
Wear	Wore	Worn	Mengenakan
Weave	Wove	Woven	Menenun
Weep	Wept	Wept	Menangis
Win	Won	Won	Menang
Withdraw	Withdrew	Withdrawn	Menarik lagi
Withstand	Withstood	Withstood	Bertahan
Write	Wrote	Written	Menulis

Regular Verb dan Artinya

Regular verbs are verbs that follow a predictable pattern when conjugated in different tenses. They form their past simple and past participle forms by adding "-ed" to the base form of the verb. This rule applies to the majority of regular verbs in English.

Here's the basic pattern for regular verbs:

Base Form (Infinitive): This is the basic form of the verb, such as "talk," "walk," or "read."

Past Simple: Formed by adding "-ed" to the base form. For example, "talked," "walked," "read."

Past Participle: Also formed by adding "-ed" to the base form. It is used in various tenses, including the present perfect and past perfect. For example, "have talked," "had walked," "have read."

Example with the regular verb "play":

Base Form: play

Past Simple: played

Past Participle: played

So, in a sentence:

Present: "I play the piano."

Past: "Yesterday, I played the piano."

Present Perfect: "I have played the piano for years."

It's worth noting that not all verbs in English are regular. Irregular verbs, on the other hand, don't follow the typical "-ed" pattern when forming past simple and past participle forms. Examples of irregular verbs include "go" (went, gone), "eat" (ate, eaten), and "take" (took, taken).

 Regular Verb dan Artinya (A) PDF klik disini

Contoh Regular Verb dan Artinya (A)

INFINITIVE (V1)	PAST TENSE (V2)	PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)	MEANING
Accept	Accepted	Accepted	Menerima
Add	Added	Added	Menambahkan
Admire	Admired	Admired	Mengagumi
Admit	Admitted	Admitted	Mengakui
Advise	Advised	Advised	Menyarankan
Afford	Afforded	Afforded	(Bisa) Mendapatkan
Agree	Agreed	Agreed	Menyetujui
Alert	Alerted	Alerted	Mencurigai
Allow	Allowed	Allowed	Membolehkan
Amuse	Amused	Amused	Menghibur
Announce	Announced	Announced	Mengumumkan
Annoy	Annoyed	Annoyed	Mengganggu
Answer	Answered	Answered	Menjawab
Apologise	Apologised	Apologised	Minta maaf
Appear	Appeared	Appeared	Muncul
Appreciate	Appreciated	Appreciated	Menghargai
Approve	Approved	Approved	Menyetujui
Argue	Argued	Argued	Mendebat
Arrest	Arrested	Arrested	Menangkap
Arrive	Arrived	Arrived	Tiba
Ask	Asked	Asked	Bertanya
Attach	Attached	Attached	Menempelkan
Attack	Attacked	Attacked	Menyerang
Attend	Attended	Attended	Menghadiri
Attract	Attracted	Attracted	Memikat
Avoid	Avoided	Avoided	Menjauhi

 

 

Active & passive construction

 Active and passive constructions are two different ways of expressing actions in a sentence, and they affect the focus and structure of the sentence. Let's explore each construction:

Active Construction:

In an active construction, the subject of the sentence performs the action.

The basic structure is: Subject + Verb + Object.

Example: "The cat (subject) chased (verb) the mouse (object)."

Here, the cat is the one performing the action (chasing), and it is in the subject position.

Passive Construction:

In a passive construction, the subject receives the action. The emphasis is on the receiver of the action rather than the doer.

The basic structure is: Object of the action + auxiliary verb (e.g., "is," "was") + past participle of the main verb + optional agent.

Example: "The mouse (subject) was chased (passive verb) by the cat (optional agent)."

Here, the focus is on the mouse (the receiver of the action), and the cat (the doer of the action) is mentioned as an optional agent.

Comparison:

Active: The focus is on the doer of the action.

Example: "She (subject) wrote (verb) a letter (object)."

Passive: The focus is on the receiver of the action.

Example: "A letter (subject) was written (passive verb) by her (agent)."

Note:

The agent (the doer of the action) is optional in passive constructions and may not always be included.

Passive constructions are often used when the doer of the action is unknown, not important, or when the speaker/writer wants to shift the focus to the receiver of the action.

Understanding when to use active or passive construction depends on the context and the emphasis you want to give to different elements in a sentence.

https://jejakdigitalnasir.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-use-of-modal-auxilary-can.html

CONTOH BACAAN

 satu contoh bacaan dalam bentuk paragraf tentang kondisi pendidikan Indonesia

Pendidikan Indonesia terus menghadapi sejumlah tantangan dan perubahan dinamis. Meskipun terdapat kemajuan signifikan dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan akses pendidikan dasar, tantangan tetap ada, terutama di tingkat pendidikan menengah dan tinggi. Ketidaksetaraan antarwilayah masih menjadi isu penting, dengan akses yang tidak merata dan infrastruktur pendidikan yang mungkin kurang memadai di beberapa daerah. Sistem pendanaan pendidikan juga tetap menjadi fokus perhatian, dengan perluasan sumber daya dan efisiensi pengeluaran menjadi prioritas. Selain itu, adaptasi terhadap perkembangan teknologi di dalam proses pembelajaran juga menjadi aspek krusial, dengan pandemi COVID-19 yang mempercepat integrasi teknologi dalam pendidikan. Upaya untuk memperkuat kurikulum, melibatkan guru yang terampil, dan meningkatkan kualitas evaluasi pendidikan juga menjadi bagian penting dari agenda pembaharuan pendidikan Indonesia. Meskipun masih ada pekerjaan yang perlu dilakukan, perubahan positif dan komitmen untuk meningkatkan standar pendidikan terlihat menjadi fokus utama bagi pemerintah dan pemangku kepentingan pendidikan.

How Social Media Products Emerge and Develop

 TikTok

 is a social media platform that was developed by the Chinese company ByteDance. It was launched in September 2016 under the name Douyin for the Chinese market and later introduced to the international market as TikTok in September 2017. ByteDance is responsible for producing and maintaining TikTok, and the app has gained widespread popularity for its short-form videos and creative content.

ByteDance is a technology company headquartered in Beijing, China, and it has become one of the world's most valuable startups. Besides TikTok, ByteDance is also known for other popular apps and services such as Douyin (the Chinese version of TikTok), Jinri Toutiao (a news aggregation platform), and others.

WhatsApp

 was developed by WhatsApp Inc., an American technology company founded by Brian Acton and Jan Koum in 2009. The messaging app quickly gained popularity for its simple and user-friendly interface, as well as its focus on end-to-end encryption for user privacy. Brian Acton and Jan Koum worked at Yahoo before they decided to create WhatsApp.

In 2014, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for $19 billion, making it one of the largest technology acquisitions in history. However, both Acton and Koum eventually left WhatsApp and Facebook over disagreements related to issues such as user privacy and monetization strategies. Despite their departure, WhatsApp continues to be owned and operated by Facebook, Inc. (now Meta Platforms, Inc.), and it remains one of the most widely used messaging platforms globally.

Telegram 

was developed by Nikolai and Pavel Durov, two brothers of Russian origin. Nikolai Durov is a mathematician, while Pavel Durov is a computer programmer and entrepreneur. They founded Telegram Messenger LLP in 2013, and the messaging app, known as Telegram, was officially launched later that year.

Telegram gained popularity for its emphasis on privacy and security, as well as its features such as secret chats, self-destructing messages, and cloud-based storage. The Durov brothers have been involved in various technology projects, and prior to Telegram, Pavel Durov co-founded VKontakte (VK), a popular Russian social networking site often compared to Facebook.

It's worth noting that the Durov brothers have been associated with a commitment to user privacy and resistance to government interference, and this philosophy is reflected in the design and features of Telegram.

The term "messenger" 

is quite generic and can refer to various messaging apps or platforms. However, if you're referring to Facebook Messenger, it was developed by Facebook, Inc. Facebook Messenger is a standalone messaging app and platform that allows users to send text messages, make voice and video calls, share media, and more.

Mark Zuckerberg, along with his team at Facebook, oversaw the development and launch of Facebook Messenger. It was originally launched in 2011 as a part of the main Facebook app, but later, in 2014, it was spun off into a separate app to provide a more focused messaging experience. Facebook, Inc. continues to own and operate Facebook Messenger.

Twitter 

was co-founded by Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams in March 2006. Jack Dorsey played a significant role in the creation of Twitter and served as the company's CEO in its early years. The idea behind Twitter was to create a platform where users could share short messages, known as tweets, with a maximum character limit.

Since its inception, Twitter has become one of the most popular social media platforms, providing a space for real-time communication, news dissemination, and public discourse. Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams are the key figures associated with the development of Twitter, and they have played various roles in the company over the years. Jack Dorsey, in particular, has been involved in multiple technology ventures and has had a significant impact on the development of Twitter. Please note that leadership roles and key figures may change over time.

Positive attitude in speaking (confidence, politeness)

 Here's a basic outline for teaching materials on developing a positive attitude in speaking, focusing on confidence and politeness. You can expand on these points to create detailed lessons or presentations.

Title: Developing a Positive Attitude in Speaking: Confidence and Politeness

Introduction:

    Briefly introduce the importance of effective communication.

Effective communication is crucial in virtually every aspect of life, from personal relationships to professional success. Here's a brief introduction to its importance:

Effective communication is the cornerstone of human interaction. It involves the exchange of thoughts, ideas, information, and feelings between individuals or groups. It plays a pivotal role in:

    Building Relationships: Effective communication is the foundation of healthy relationships, whether they are personal or professional. It fosters understanding, trust, and empathy, helping people connect on a deeper level.

    Problem Solving: Good communication is essential for identifying, addressing, and resolving issues. It enables individuals or teams to collaborate, share perspectives, and work together to find solutions.

    Career Success: In the professional world, the ability to communicate effectively is highly valued. It can lead to better job performance, career advancement, and successful interactions with colleagues, superiors, and clients.

    Personal Growth: Effective communication skills can boost self-confidence and self-esteem. They empower individuals to express themselves, make their needs known, and articulate their ideas and goals.

    Conflict Resolution: Conflict is a part of life, but effective communication can help manage and resolve conflicts in a constructive manner. It allows for open dialogue, negotiation, and compromise.

    Influence and Leadership: Effective communicators have the power to inspire and lead others. Whether in politics, business, or social movements, strong communicators can convey their vision and persuade others to follow.

    Understanding Diversity: In our diverse and globalized world, effective communication is essential for bridging cultural, linguistic, and generational gaps. It promotes tolerance, inclusion, and cross-cultural understanding.

In summary, effective communication is the key to achieving personal and professional goals, fostering positive relationships, and navigating the complexities of modern life. Developing and honing one's communication skills is a lifelong journey that pays dividends in countless aspects of life.

    Explain that a positive attitude in speaking involves confidence and politeness.

    Highlight the connection between positive communication and personal and professional success.

Lesson 1: Building Confidence in Speaking

1.1 Understanding Confidence:

    Define confidence in speaking.

    Explain how confidence can impact one's communication.

    Share examples of confident and not-so-confident communicators.

1.2 Tips for Building Confidence:

    Provide practical tips for improving confidence, such as maintaining eye contact, standing/sitting up straight, and using positive body language.

    Discuss the importance of voice modulation and speaking clearly.

1.3 Overcoming Nervousness:

    Discuss common causes of nervousness in speaking.

    Offer strategies for managing nervousness, including preparation, practice, and deep breathing exercises.

Activity 1: Confidence-Building Exercise

    A public speaking activity where students practice confident speaking in front of the class.

Lesson 2: Politeness in Speaking

2.1 What Is Politeness?

    Define politeness in communication.

    Explain the role of politeness in building positive relationships.

2.2 Politeness Strategies:

    Teach key politeness strategies, such as using "please" and "thank you," showing empathy, and active listening.

    Discuss the importance of using appropriate titles and honorifics.

2.3 Handling Difficult Situations:

    Provide guidance on maintaining politeness during difficult conversations or when delivering bad news.

    Discuss strategies for de-escalating conflicts politely.

Activity 2: Politeness Role Play

    Encourage students to engage in role-playing scenarios where they practice polite communication.

Lesson 3: Combining Confidence and Politeness

3.1 The Power of Positive Attitude:

    Emphasize how combining confidence and politeness can lead to effective communication.

    Show examples of confident yet polite speakers in various professional settings.

3.2 Active Listening:

    Explain the importance of active listening in any conversation.

    Teach active listening techniques, including paraphrasing, asking clarifying questions, and non-verbal cues.

3.3 Feedback and Improvement:

    Discuss the role of feedback in improving communication skills.

    Encourage students to provide constructive feedback to their peers and apply it for improvement.

Activity 3: Group Discussion

    Organize a group discussion where students apply the concepts of confidence and politeness.

Conclusion:

    Summarize the key points from the lessons.

    Emphasize the lifelong learning aspect of improving communication skills.

    Encourage students to practice these skills in real-life situations.

Homework and Practice:

    Assign homework and practical exercises for students to reinforce their learning.

Assessment:

    Develop assessment criteria, such as peer evaluations or oral presentations, to measure students' progress.

Additional Resources:

    Provide recommended reading materials, websites, and videos for further learning.

Adapt and expand upon these materials to suit your teaching style, the needs of your audience, and the duration of your course or presentation. Encourage students to practice these skills in various contexts to solidify their confidence and politeness in speaking.

PRINSIP BELAJAR DAN PEMBELAJARAN

 segerah hadir